麦类作物落粒控制的分子机制研究进展

作物驯化在人类从狩猎和采摘的原始生活状态到农耕文明的演化过程中起着至关重要的作用,落粒性的丧失是作物驯化的首要性状。麦类作物是最早被驯化的作物之一,近年来随着大麦、小麦及其近缘物种基因组测序工作的完成,对麦类作物落粒控制系统驯化分子机制的研究取得了长足进展,本文就麦类作物脆轴性与作物驯化、大麦脆穗基因与驯化模式、小麦脆穗基因的同源性和多态性、脆穗基因在禾本科作物基因组中的排列方式以及影响麦类作物脆穗形成的其他机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对麦类作物脆穗基因的研究方向进行展望,以期对相关研究者提供参考。     

The inheritance and chromosomal location of morphological traits in wild wheat, Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides

The homoeologous groups of chromosomes carrying the genes for some morphological traits in wild wheat Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides (T. dicoccoides) were determined, but not the actual chromosomes carrying them. The objectives of this study were to investigate the modes of inheritance, and determine the chromosomes carrying some morphological traits in wild emmer (2n = 28; AABB), the progenitor of most cultivated wheats. To investigate the inheritance of morphological traits, crosses were made between T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (T. durum cultivar Chartokhmi (IR10) and T. dicoccoides accessions TA1150 and TA1131. F₂ seeds from each cross were grown in the field and six qualitative characters were investigated. Purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla, and fragility of spike were controlled by single dominant genes. To determine the chromosomal locations, accession TA1131 was crossed with the complete set of LDN D-genome disomic substitution lines. Assessments of F₂ populations showed that chromosomes 7A, 6A, 7B, 5B, 5A and 3B carried genes for purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla and brittle rachis, respectively.     

F汽车方向机驱动轴的疲劳与断裂分析

F汽车进口后在索赔期内仅运行2800km,其方向机突然失灵,车与杨树相撞。在事故技术检查中发现方向机驱动轴破断。那么,该驱动轴是在车、树相撞中破断,还是在相撞前破断呢?本文对F汽车方向机驱动轴的破断进行了疲劳与断裂分析,其中有联接分析、受力分析、断口(宏观、微观和金相)分析,从而得出该件原为不合格件,断口为疲劳断口,是正常疲劳断裂的结论。致使索赔汽车谈判成功。     

Faster anaerobic decomposition of a brittle straw rice mutant: Implications for residue management

Rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia is typically grown on submerged soils in intensive cropping systems with only a brief interval between harvest of one crop and planting of the next. Incorporation of crop residues can be challenging because the fallow period between crops is often too short to allow sufficient decomposition. During early stages of anaerobic residue decomposition in flooded soils, plant growth may be inhibited by nutrient immobilization or by the production of potentially toxic organic acids. Straw from a brittle stem mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR68) was tested in a 30-d incubation experiment under continuously flooded conditions in a greenhouse to determine if it would decompose more rapidly than the non-brittle phenotype, thereby allowing shorter fallow time between crops. Brittle straw decomposed faster, as indicated by 51% total C loss as CO₂ or CH₄ within 3 weeks of incorporation, compared with 28% for non-brittle straw. However, brittle straw also produced a significantly higher (P<0.0001) amount of formic, acetic, aconitic, propionic, and butyric acids than non-brittle straw. There was no difference in soil N immobilization pattern between the two straw types, or in P or K availability in the soil, perhaps due to the short duration of the experiment. To maximize the potential advantage of faster decomposition of brittle straw in intensive rice cropping systems, it may be helpful to manage water for sufficient soil aeration to mitigate the negative organic acid and methane production effects.     

Inheritance of disarticulation derived from some hexaploid brittle rachis wheat

Inheritance of disarticulation in progenies of hybrids among Tibetan weedrace (9053 and AS907 of Triticum aestivum var. tibetanum), Yunnan hulled wheat (AS338 of T. aestivum concv. yunnanense) and spelt wheat (AS326 of T. aestivum concv. spelta) was studied. Disarticulation type is governed by some disarticulation modifying genes. These modifying genes can be divided into two groups, that is, wedge modifying genes (Wm) and barrel modifying genes (Bm). The two kinds of genes are codominant. Wedge type disarticulation is governed by the complement of at least two dominant wedge modifying genes (Wm ₁ and Wm ₂, Wm ₃ and Wm ₄, or Wm ₅ and Wm ₆). Barrel type disarticulation is controlled by at least one dominant barrel modifying gene (Bm ₁, Bm ₂ or Bm ₃) and its expression can be inhibited in certain genetic backgrounds. As to the background inhibition that dominant barrel modifying genes cannot express in some homozygous brittle rachis wheat, the hypothesis of epistasy of many homozygous alleles was suggested.     

Faster residue decomposition of brittle stem rice mutant due to finer breakage during threshing

In intensive tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems with short fallows, it would be advantageous that rice straw decompose fast enough to facilitate land preparation and planting of the subsequent crop. The straw of a brittle stem rice mutant of IR68 was tested for more rapid decomposition compared with non-brittle IR68 straw. The hypothesis was that the brittle mutant straw would break into smaller pieces during threshing, and that both the smaller piece size and the differences in biochemical straw composition would enable more rapid decomposition. Brittle straw broke into smaller pieces than non-brittle straw during a replicated trial of three threshing methods: hand threshing, pedal threshing, and axial-flow machine threshing. In a litter bag study to determine the effect of straw piece size on decomposition rate of each straw type over 10 weeks, smaller straw pieces decomposed faster than larger pieces as indicated by changes in amount of straw and its C/N ratio over time (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between straw types at the same size. It was concluded that the finer breakage of brittle straw during field operations is likely to be more important than the biochemical differences in overall residue decomposition rate.     

Influence of failure mode induced by a horizontally operated single-tip penetrometer on measured soil resistance

Excessive soil compaction has negative effects for agriculture and the environment. Measurement of soil strength is a common indirect measure of soil compactness. In the context of precision farming, on-the-go soil mechanical resistance measurements using single- and multiple-tip horizontal sensors have been developed. It has been reported that there was a significant relationship between soil mechanical resistance values measured with both vertically operated cone penetrometer and horizontally operated sensors only for relatively deep layers. It was hypothesized that the differences in horizontally measured soil resistance in different soil layers could be explained by different failure modes. The objective of this research was to develop a horizontal soil mechanical resistance sensor and to observe the failure mode in front of it while penetrating soil at three different depths. A single-tip horizontal penetrometer was equipped with a 30° prismatic tip and had a base area of 324 mm². The prismatic tip was mounted horizontally to an S-shaped load cell housed inside a shank. A data-logging system was also developed to record measurements with 10 Hz sampling rate. The sensor was tested in a field with silty clay loam soil at three depths of 20, 25 and 30 cm. Cone index (CI) values were obtained with 1 cm depth increments and 1 m horizontal intervals along each transect for comparison using a standard cone penetrometer. The results showed that average horizontal soil mechanical resistance index (HRI) values for both depths of 20 and 25 cm were similar due to the brittle failure mode in both cases. However, when the tip was operated below the critical depth of the sensor, the value of HRI at 30 cm depth increased three times when compared with 20 or 25 cm depth values. This was due to change in failure mode from brittle to compressive mode below the critical depth. There was a significant relationship (R² = 0.75) between HRI and CI for the 30-cm depth, whereas for shallower depths the relation was not significant. It can be concluded that the correlation between measurements obtained with the vertically and horizontally operated penetrometers would be significant as long as both produced the same soil failure mode.     

弹簧垫圈断裂原因分析

通过宏观检验观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析等方法对弹簧垫圈的断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:该弹簧垫圈热处理时产生淬火裂纹,镀锌时氢原子在裂纹尖端偏聚,这两种因素的共同作用导致弹簧垫圈在装配预紧过程中发生脆性断裂。     

水稻矮秆脆性突变体dbc1的鉴定与基因定位

利用EMS诱变籼型水稻恢复系缙恢10号,获得一个稳定遗传的矮化脆性突变体dbc1,苗期即表现矮化、叶片变脆,一直保持到成熟。与原始亲本相比,突变体的各节间均显著缩短,株高仅58.93 cm,略有包穗,属于dn型矮化变异,对赤霉素的敏感性显著下降,有效穗、千粒重和结实率无明显变化,穗长、穗粒数和实粒数则极显著下降。进一步分析发现,dbc1的茎秆和叶片的载荷强度极显著下降,纤维素含量无变化,木质素含量则略有下降,差异达显著水平。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性核基因调控,利用886株西农1A/dbc1的F₂变异单株,最终把DBC1基因定位在第2染色体SSR标记RM13943和RM13952之间,物理距离仅197 kb,含有52个注释基因。这为下一步调控基因的克隆和dbc1材料的育种应用奠定了基础。     

水稻脆秆重组体茎秆的形态结构观察与理化测定

为了研究水稻脆秆重组体茎秆与普通茎秆形态结构与理化性的差异,对两者的茎秆差异通过茎秆形态解剖和纤维素、可溶性糖含量测定进行了比较,通过扫描电镜对茎秆观察得到,重组体734的小维管束数目多于对照(733),小维管束之间的凹陷比对照深,而皮层纤维细胞层数少于对照。茎秆组织的光学显微镜解剖观察结果为734茎秆基本组织的细胞大、排列较疏松,对照的细胞比较小、排列紧密;734维管束内的韧皮部与木质部细胞少而疏松,对照多且排列紧密。虽然734茎秆单位面积内的细胞数与对照相近,但细胞壁比对照薄,细胞腔比对照大。茎秆的相对含水量和粗纤维含量测定显示:重组体734的含水量比对照高4.5%,粗纤维含量比对照低2.8%。